Computing Headway Bounds under Worst-Case Bunching in Fixed-Line Transit Systems

Michael Yuhas, George Gunter, Jose Paolo Talusan, Aron Laszka, Dan Freudberg, Abhishek Dubey

Proceedings of the 32nd IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications (RTCSA) 2026

Nominated for Outstanding Paper

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Abstract

Vehicle bunching is a major problem for transit operators. When vehicles bunch together, the lead vehicle will service the majority of passenger demand, leaving the following vehicles to operate below capacity, wasting fuel and money. Furthermore, after the last vehicle in the bunch passes, the time before the next vehicle's arrival (headway) will be large. Transit operators can combat bunching by holding buses at stops along a route, trading riding time for even headway times. While prior work has focused on developing holding policies to minimize average case bunching, no work has focused on analyzing the longest and shortest possible headway times under a broad group of such policies. We assume that dwell times at stops and travel times between stops are bounded and develop a dynamic program that computes the maximum and minimum headway times for a single bus route with an arbitrary number of control points, vehicles, and holding policies. These bounds are tight in the sense that it is always possible to identify the specific sequence of events that lead to their occurrence. We use these bounds to investigate the effects of different holding policies, stop placement, and number of vehicles on route headways and worst-case bunching. Finally, we apply these analysis techniques to a real-world transit system in Nashville, TN and show their utility for transit planning.

Cite This Paper

@inproceedings{yuhasetal2026computing,
  author = {Yuhas, Michael and Gunter, George and Talusan, Jose Paolo and Laszka, Aron and Freudberg, Dan and Dubey, Abhishek},
  title = {Computing Headway Bounds under Worst-Case Bunching in Fixed-Line Transit Systems},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 32nd IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications (RTCSA)},
  year = {2026},
  address = {Qingdao, China},
  publisher = {IEEE},
  note = {Nominated for Outstanding Paper},
  abstract = {Vehicle bunching is a major problem for transit operators. When vehicles bunch together, the lead vehicle will service the majority of passenger demand, leaving the following vehicles to operate below capacity, wasting fuel and money. Furthermore, after the last vehicle in the bunch passes, the time before the next vehicle's arrival (headway) will be large. Transit operators can combat bunching by holding buses at stops along a route, trading riding time for even headway times. While prior work has focused on developing holding policies to minimize average case bunching, no work has focused on analyzing the longest and shortest possible headway times under a broad group of such policies. We assume that dwell times at stops and travel times between stops are bounded and develop a dynamic program that computes the maximum and minimum headway times for a single bus route with an arbitrary number of control points, vehicles, and holding policies. These bounds are tight in the sense that it is always possible to identify the specific sequence of events that lead to their occurrence. We use these bounds to investigate the effects of different holding policies, stop placement, and number of vehicles on route headways and worst-case bunching. Finally, we apply these analysis techniques to a real-world transit system in Nashville, TN and show their utility for transit planning.}
}
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Computing, Headway, Bounds, Worst, Case, Bunching, Fixed, Line, Transit, Systems, 2026, Yuhas, Gunter, Talusan, Laszka, Freudberg, Dubey